On May 9, 2025, Poland and France signed a landmark treaty in Nancy, France, aimed at enhancing bilateral cooperation in defence, nuclear energy, and broader strategic interests. This agreement underscores a growing trend among European nations to bolster regional security amid concerns over the United States’ commitment to Europe’s defence under President Donald Trump’s administration.
Key Provisions of the Treaty
- Mutual Defence Commitment: The treaty includes a mutual defence clause, ensuring that both nations will support each other in the event of an armed attack. This provision complements existing NATO obligations and reflects a shared commitment to collective security.
- Nuclear Energy Cooperation: Building on previous collaborations, the treaty emphasizes joint efforts in nuclear energy development. France has expressed readiness to assist Poland in constructing nuclear power plants, aligning with Poland’s energy policy objectives.
- Enhanced Military Collaboration: The agreement outlines plans for joint military exercises and increased arms trade, aiming to strengthen defence capabilities and interoperability between the two nations.
Strategic Context
The signing coincided with the 80th anniversary of the end of World War II and a significant Russian military parade, highlighting ongoing security challenges in Europe. Poland, currently leading NATO in defence spending at 4.12% of its GDP, plays a pivotal role in regional security dynamics.
French President Emmanuel Macron emphasized that the treaty aims to supplement, not replace, U.S. security guarantees, reflecting a strategic diversification of defence partnerships within Europe.
Broader Implications
This treaty aligns with broader European efforts to enhance defence autonomy and resilience. In November 2024, France, Germany, Poland, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom issued a joint declaration emphasizing the need for increased defence spending and stronger European security mechanisms.
The Poland-France defence treaty represents a significant step in reinforcing European security architecture, reflecting a proactive approach to addressing emerging geopolitical challenges.
French President Emmanuel Macron and President of Poland Donald Tusk Picture on Flickr by EU Council President
