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In a historic advisory opinion issued on July 23, 2025, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) affirmed that access to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment is a fundamental human right under international law. The ruling clarifies the legal obligations of states to mitigate climate change and prevent environmental harm, marking a pivotal moment in global climate jurisprudence.
The case, led by Vanuatu and supported by over 130 countries, asked the ICJ to define states’ responsibilities in addressing greenhouse gas emissions and the consequences of failing to act. The court concluded that:
- Greenhouse gas emissions are unequivocally caused by human activity
- States must cooperate to achieve concrete emission reduction targets
- Failure to act may constitute an internationally wrongful act
- Intergenerational equity must guide climate obligations
While the opinion is non-binding, it carries significant legal and moral authority. Experts say it could serve as a foundation for future litigation, including domestic lawsuits and international claims for reparations related to climate damage.
“This is a seismic win for climate justice,” said Mariana Paoli of Christian Aid. “Big polluters can’t dodge responsibility any longer”.
The ICJ’s decision complements recent rulings by other international courts and is expected to influence negotiations at COP30 in Brazil, where countries will present updated national climate plans.
You can read the full coverage on MSN News, The Independent, and UN News.
