One size does not necessarily fit all. This is as true in medicine as in most other areas of life. People can react very differently to the same treatment and the results are potentially very serious.
Consequently, it can be difficult for doctors to decide on exactly which drug to prescribe to patients with the same presenting symptoms but very different genetic and biological make-ups. Research in the field of personalised medicine is seeking to tailor drug prescriptions to individual profiles more effectively.
Cholesterol case
At the University of Helsinki in Finland, the EU-funded IndiviStat project is looking at the use of statins as a case in point. This common cholesterol-reducing medication is one of the most widely prescribed drugs in Europe – and indeed the world. Statins are credited with reducing the threat of illness and death in people at risk of heart disease by lowering their ‘bad’ cholesterol levels.
Unfortunately, a common side effect is muscle pain, which can cause some people to stop taking these drugs. The consequences can be fatal. A Danish study found that forgoing prescribed statins increased the risk of heart attack by 26%.
‘There may be 20 000 to 30 000 excess deaths worldwide because people stop taking this therapy,’ said Professor Mikko Niemi, a University of Helsinki clinical pharmacologist who is leading the project funded by the European Research Council.
Niemi has been researching how gene mutations affect people’s reactions to statins since the early 2000s.
The ERC grant of €2 million that he received in 2017 will help him design an algorithm to aid doctors in choosing the most suitable statin – there are about half a dozen to pick from – for each patient. At the push of a button, the algorithm will use the results of a genetic test to evaluate how the patient’s body is likely to react and select the one best adapted to the person.
‘Differences with statins are not in what the drug does to the body, but in how the body handles the drug,’ said Niemi.
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There may be 20 000 to 30 000 excess deaths worldwide because people stop taking this therapy.
Muscle test
All statins work the same way – by blocking the manufacture of low-density (bad) cholesterol in liver cells. But in some people, their liver can be predisposed to take up less of the drug so that more of it circulates in their blood.
As levels of statin in the blood go up, the risk of muscle toxicity rises. This can lead to the muscle pain that causes some people to stop taking the drugs.
Towards the end of the research project, the algorithm will be tried out on between 500 and 1 000 Finnish patients who are to be prescribed the cholesterol-lowering drugs.
‘We hope we can reduce the number of patients who stop taking statins from around 30% to 20%,’ Niemi said.
Such a result could save thousands of lives.
All right
Statins are not the only life-altering medicines that could benefit from new approaches better tailored to individuals.
Personalised medicine is a medical model that aims to tailor the right therapeutic strategy for the right person at the right time.
It can help determine a patient’s predisposition to disease and propose the correct treatment, based on the individual’s unique situation, before an illness has progressed too far. The European Commission has been supporting research in personalised medicine for many years.
Professor Sara Marsal at the Vall d’Hebron Research Institute in Barcelona, Spain is studying six inflammatory diseases within the context of the EU-funded DocTIS project. It involves research organisations from Italy, Germany, Spain, Sweden, the UK and the US.
The diseases being looked at include psoriasis, Crohn’s and rheumatoid arthritis. On the face of it, these seem quite different, impacting skin, bowel and joints. Yet doctors have long recognised that their symptoms overlapped.
As a young doctor, Marsal recalls how patients seeing a dermatologist for psoriasis would be sent to her for arthritis, for example.
‘These diseases are highly prevalent chronic conditions and we have no cures,’ she said.
Then, 20 years ago, the link was confirmed in a positive way when a group of drugs – TNF inhibitors – targeting inflammation were found to reduce symptoms in patients with all three disorders. More recent studies revealed shared genetics between the conditions.
Patients with these inflammatory conditions also have common experiences.
Their disease may flare up, improve for periods but never go away. They can be prescribed a drug, which reduces symptoms, but over time these benefits fade. A doctor then prescribes a different treatment. The patient may or may not respond to the drug.
Biobank help
Marsal has a plan to do better through DocTIS, which runs for six years through 2025. The other three diseases being assessed are ulcerative colitis, lupus and psoriatic arthritis.
The project is tapping a biobank, which Marsal helped to build, that stores thousands of biological samples from patients with chronic inflammatory diseases.
Researchers will look at patient cells, proteins and genes at the start of a treatment. This is to help understand the biology associated with a treatment response.
The individual will have either responded or not responded after three months of therapy. The project intends to identify, at a molecular and cellular level, the reasons for differences in response and better target existing treatment.
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We are striving for higher efficacy, without safety concerns
‘We urgently need to understand the biology behind responders and non-responders in order to predict what the result will be of using some of these drugs together,’ said Marsal.
Drug duos
Experiments in cells, and then in animals, will pinpoint likely drug duos for patients with any one of the six inflammatory diseases. Towards the end of the project, a clinical trial will administer these combinations to patients. If successful, it will help clinicians match specific patients with existing drugs.
‘We are striving for higher efficacy, without safety concerns,’ said Marsal. ‘This would be a fantastic outcome.’
Usually, developing a new drug could take a decade – with no guarantee of success. However, this new approach with existing drugs means that patients might benefit from a new combination at the end of the project, in around three to four years.
Before then, Marsal and her colleagues hope to publish results that will help scientists and doctors better understand the biological foundations that lie beneath these chronic inflammatory diseases.
In Helsinki, Niemi’s ambition is for his statin-choosing algorithm to be available not just in Finland or in Europe but worldwide. With heart and inflammatory diseases being such common ailments, both projects have the potential to improve the health of countless people.
Research in this article was funded via the EU’s European Research Council (ERC). If you liked this article, please consider sharing it on social media.
