Intriguingly, hearing loss from loud noise exposure or drugs such as cisplatin, a common form of chemotherapy, also stems from activation of the UPR in hair cells, suggesting that the UPR may underly several different forms of deafness.
There are several drugs that block the UPR – and stop hearing loss – in lab animals. The new findings make a stronger case for testing these drugs in people who are at risk of losing their hearing, according to the researchers.
“Millions of American adults lose their hearing due to noise exposure or aging each year, but it’s been a mystery what was going wrong,” said Dr. Dylan Chan coauthor of the paper and director of the Children’s Communication Center in the UCSF’s otolaryngology department. “We now have solid evidence that TMTC4 is a human deafness gene and that the UPR is a genuine target for preventing deafness.” In 2014, Dr. Elliott Sherr, director of the UCSF Brain Development Research Program and coauthor of the paper, noticed that several of his young patients with brain malformations all had mutations to TMTC4. However, lab studies of this gene soon presented a confusing problem.
“We expected mice with TMTC4 mutations to have severe brain defects early on, like those pediatric patients, yet to our surprise, they seemed normal at first,” Sherr said. “But as those animals grew, we saw that they didn’t startle in response to loud noise. They had gone deaf after they had matured.”
Sherr partnered with Chan, an expert on the inner ear, to look into what was happening to the mice, which looked like an accelerated version of age-related hearing loss in humans. They showed that mutations to TMTC4 primed hair cells in the ear to self-destruct, and loud noise did the same thing.
In both cases, hair cells were flooded with excess calcium, throwing off the balance of other cellular signals, including UPR. But they found there was a way to stop this. ISRIB, a drug developed at UCSF to block the UPR’s self-destruct mechanism in traumatic brain injury, prevented animals who were exposed to noise from going deaf. “It’s rare to so quickly connect mouse studies with humans,” Sherr said.
When Chan and Sherr mutated TMTC4 only in hair cells in mice, the mice went deaf.
Understanding TMTC4 mutations gives researchers a new way of studying progressive deafness because it’s critical for maintaining the health of the adult inner ear. The mutations mimic damage from noise, aging, or drugs like cisplatin.
The researchers envision a future in which people who must take cisplatin or who have to be exposed to loud noises for their jobs take a drug that dampens the UPR and keeps hair cells from withering away, preserving their hearing.
The science also suggests that the UPR could be targeted in other contexts where nerve cells become overwhelmed and die, including diseases long thought to be incurable, like Alzheimer’s or Lou Gehrig’s disease (ALS). “If there’s any way that we can get in the way of the hair cells dying, that’s how we’re going to be able to prevent hearing loss,” Chan concluded.
